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03_ABAP_SQL.md
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@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
- [Retrieving Data Using SELECT](#retrieving-data-using-select)
- [Basic Syntax](#basic-syntax)
- [SELECT List Variants](#select-list-variants)
- [Data Sources of SELECT Queries](#data-sources-of-select-queries)
- [Retrieving Single and Multiple Rows](#retrieving-single-and-multiple-rows)
- [Miscellaneous Options Regarding the Result](#miscellaneous-options-regarding-the-result)
- [Additional Clauses](#additional-clauses)
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@
- [Using UPDATE](#using-update)
- [Using MODIFY](#using-modify)
- [Using DELETE](#using-delete)
- [Example: Exploring ABAP SQL Statements Changing Data in Database Tables](#example-exploring-abap-sql-statements-changing-data-in-database-tables)
- [RAP-Specific ABAP SQL Variants](#rap-specific-abap-sql-variants)
- [More Information](#more-information)
- [Executable Example](#executable-example)
@@ -247,10 +249,16 @@ SELECT ds~col1, ds~col2, ds~col3
INTO ...
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
Most of the code snippets in this cheat sheet use database tables as the source in `SELECT` statements. Among others, you can also use internal tables or CDS view entities as data source
Note that an alias name must be specified for the internal table used as data source. Find more information [here](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abapselect_itab.htm).
### Data Sources of SELECT Queries
- Most of the code snippets in this cheat sheet use database tables as the source in `SELECT` statements.
- Among others, you can also use internal tables or CDS view entities as data source.
- Note that the internal table must be specified as host variable prefixed by `@`, and an alias name must be specified.
- More information and code snippets:
- Section [SELECT Queries with Internal Tables as Data Sources](01_Internal_Tables.md#select-queries-with-internal-tables-as-data-sources) in the *Internal Tables* cheat sheet and in the [ABAP Keyword Documentation](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abapselect_itab.htm)
- The executable example of the [CDS View Entities](15_CDS_View_Entities.md) cheat sheet covers `SELECT` statements with CDS view entities as data sources.
``` abap
SELECT *
@@ -266,6 +274,7 @@ SELECT *
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### Retrieving Single and Multiple Rows
<table>
@@ -1923,14 +1932,11 @@ INTO @DATA(special_functions).
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
## Changing Data in Database Tables
> **💡 Note**<br>
> The following sections include code patterns. To explore various syntax options with an executable example, see section [Example: Exploring ABAP SQL Statements Changing Data in Database Tables](#example-exploring-abap-sql-statements-changing-data-in-database-tables) below.
### Using INSERT
- Inserts one or more rows into a database table specified.
@@ -2076,6 +2082,303 @@ DELETE dbtab FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( comp1 = ... )
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### Example: Exploring ABAP SQL Statements Changing Data in Database Tables
To try the following example out, create a demo class named `zcl_some_class` and paste the code into it. After activation, choose *F9* in ADT to execute the class. The example uses a database table of the ABAP cheat sheets repository and is set up to display output in the console.
```abap
CLASS zcl_some_class DEFINITION
PUBLIC
FINAL
CREATE PUBLIC .
PUBLIC SECTION.
INTERFACES if_oo_adt_classrun.
PROTECTED SECTION.
PRIVATE SECTION.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS zcl_some_class IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD if_oo_adt_classrun~main.
"--------------------------- INSERT ---------------------------
"Deleting the contents of a demo database table to start with an empty database table
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_tab1.
"Inserting a single row into a database table
DATA(row_a) = VALUE zdemo_abap_tab1( key_field = 1 char1 = 'aaa' char2 = 'bbb' num1 = 10 num2 = 100 ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @row_a.
"Alternative syntax, same effect
DATA(row_b) = VALUE zdemo_abap_tab1( key_field = 2 char1 = 'ccc' char2 = 'ddd' num1 = 20 num2 = 200 ).
INSERT INTO zdemo_abap_tab1 VALUES @row_b.
"Line is created inline using the VALUE operator as part of a host expression
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @( VALUE #( key_field = 3 char1 = 'eee' char2 = 'fff' num1 = 30 num2 = 300 ) ).
"Inserting multiple lines from an internal table into a database table.
"Make sure that the internal table does not contain a line having the same key
"as an existing row in the database table. Otherwise, a runtime error occurs.
TYPES it_type TYPE TABLE OF zdemo_abap_tab1 WITH EMPTY KEY.
DATA(it_a) = VALUE it_type( ( key_field = 4 char1 = 'ggg' char2 = 'hhh' num1 = 40 num2 = 400 )
( key_field = 5 char1 = 'iii' char2 = 'jjj' num1 = 50 num2 = 500 ) ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @it_a.
"Inserting lines from a table declared inline using the VALUE operator
"as part of a host expression
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 6 char1 = 'kkk' char2 = 'lll' num1 = 60 num2 = 600 )
( key_field = 7 char1 = 'mmm' char2 = 'nnn' num1 = 70 num2 = 700 ) ) ).
"ACCEPTING DUPLICATE KEYS addition: To avoid the runtime error mentioned above,
"all lines that would produce duplicate entries in the database table
"regarding the keys are discarded and sy-subrc is set to 4.
DATA(it_b) = VALUE it_type( ( key_field = 1 char1 = '###' char2 = '###' num1 = 0 num2 = 0 )
( key_field = 8 char1 = 'ooo' char2 = 'ppp' num1 = 80 num2 = 800 ) ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @it_b ACCEPTING DUPLICATE KEYS.
ASSERT sy-subrc = 4.
"Inserting the result set of an embedded subquery
"Various options are available. The examples show a selection.
"The subqueries use an internal table.
"No restriction specified, all entries are inserted
DATA(it_c) = VALUE it_type( ( key_field = 9 char1 = 'qqq' char2 = 'rrr' num1 = 90 num2 = 900 )
( key_field = 10 char1 = 'sss' char2 = 'ttt' num1 = 100 num2 = 1000 )
( key_field = 11 char1 = 'uuu' char2 = 'vvv' num1 = 110 num2 = 1100 ) ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM ( SELECT key_field, char1, char2, num1, num2 FROM @it_c AS itc ).
"WHERE condition specified
DATA(it_d) = VALUE it_type( ( key_field = 12 char1 = 'www' char2 = 'xxx' num1 = 120 num2 = 1200 )
( key_field = 13 char1 = 'yyy' char2 = 'zzz' num1 = 130 num2 = 1300 )
( key_field = 14 char1 = 'AAA' char2 = 'BBB' num1 = 140 num2 = 1400 ) ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM ( SELECT key_field, char1, char2, num1, num2 FROM @it_d AS itd WHERE key_field <= 13 ).
"Using a subquery and replacing existing values in a CASE expression
DATA(it_e) = VALUE it_type( ( key_field = 15 char1 = 'X' char2 = 'DDD' num1 = 150 num2 = 1500 )
( key_field = 16 char1 = 'Y' char2 = 'FFF' num1 = 160 num2 = 1600 )
( key_field = 17 char1 = 'Z' char2 = 'HHH' num1 = 170 num2 = 1700 ) ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM (
SELECT key_field,
CASE WHEN char1 = 'X' THEN 'CCC'
WHEN char1 = 'Y' THEN 'EEE'
ELSE 'GGG'
END AS char1,
char2, num1, num2
FROM @it_e AS ite ).
"Retrieving all database entries for display purposes
SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_tab1 INTO TABLE @DATA(itab_insert).
out->write( data = itab_insert name = `itab_insert` ).
**********************************************************************
"-------- Exploring constructor expressions for internal tables created in place --------
"The examples explore constructor expressions that construct internal tables in place and that can be
"specified after the TABLE addition (as a host expressions), apart from an existing data object.
"For more information about constructor expressions, see the ABAP Keyword Documentation and the
"Constructor Expressions cheat sheet.
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_tab1.
"VALUE operator as shown above, creating an internal table in place
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 1 char1 = 'aaa' char2 = 'bbb' num1 = 10 num2 = 100 )
( key_field = 2 char1 = 'ccc' char2 = 'ddd' num1 = 20 num2 = 200 ) ) ).
"FOR LOOP with VALUE
DATA(it_f) = VALUE it_type( ( key_field = 3 char1 = 'ee' char2 = 'ff' num1 = 30 num2 = 300 )
( key_field = 4 char1 = 'gg' char2 = 'hh' num1 = 40 num2 = 400 )
( key_field = 5 char1 = 'ii' char2 = 'jj' num1 = 50 num2 = 500 ) ).
"In the example, the internal table from above is looped across. The index value is
"stored and used to modify field values of the internal table. In doing so, the modified
"internal table values are inserted into the database table.
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( FOR wa IN it_f INDEX INTO idx ( key_field = wa-key_field
char1 = wa-char1 && idx
char2 = wa-char2 && idx
num1 = wa-num1 + idx
num2 = wa-num2 + idx ) ) ).
"CORRESPONDING
TYPES: BEGIN OF s1,
key_field TYPE i,
char1 TYPE c LENGTH 5,
num1 TYPE i,
END OF s1,
it_type_s1 TYPE TABLE OF s1 WITH EMPTY KEY,
BEGIN OF s2,
key TYPE i,
char TYPE c LENGTH 5,
number1 TYPE i,
num2 TYPE p LENGTH 8 DECIMALS 2,
END OF s2,
it_type_s2 TYPE TABLE OF s2 WITH EMPTY KEY.
"Identical component names in the internal table
"The example includes compatible and convertible types.
DATA(it_g) = VALUE it_type_s1( ( key_field = 6 char1 = 'kkk' num1 = 60 )
( key_field = 7 char1 = 'lll' num1 = 70 ) ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( CORRESPONDING #( it_g ) ).
"Non-identical component names in the internal table; using the MAPPING/EXCEPT additions
"The example includes compatible and convertible types.
DATA(it_h) = VALUE it_type_s2( ( key = 8 char = 'mmm' number1 = 80 num2 = '1.23' )
( key = 9 char = 'nnn' number1 = 90 num2 = '4.56' ) ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( CORRESPONDING #( it_h MAPPING key_field = key char2 = char num1 = number1 EXCEPT num2 ) ).
SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_tab1 INTO TABLE @DATA(itab_constr).
out->write( data = itab_constr name = `itab_constr` ).
**********************************************************************
"--------------------------- UPDATE ---------------------------
"Preparing a demo database table
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_tab1.
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 1 char1 = 'aaa' char2 = 'bbb' num1 = 10 num2 = 100 )
( key_field = 2 char1 = 'ccc' char2 = 'ddd' num1 = 20 num2 = 200 )
( key_field = 3 char1 = 'eee' char2 = 'fff' num1 = 30 num2 = 300 ) ) ).
"Changing content by overwriting entire rows based on a structure
DATA(row_c) = VALUE zdemo_abap_tab1( key_field = 1 char1 = 'ggg' char2 = 'hhh' num1 = 12 num2 = 123 ).
UPDATE zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @row_c.
"The following example specifies a value for the key field that does not
"exist in the database table. Consequently, no update takes place, the sy-subrc
"value is set to 4.
UPDATE zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @( VALUE #( key_field = 4 char1 = 'iii' char2 = 'jjj' num1 = 44 num2 = 456 ) ).
ASSERT sy-subrc = 4.
"Changing content by overwriting entire rows based on rows in an internal table
DATA(it_j) = VALUE it_type( ( key_field = 2 char1 = 'kkk' char2 = 'lll' num1 = 23 num2 = 234 )
( key_field = 3 char1 = 'mmm' char2 = 'nnn' num1 = 34 num2 = 345 ) ).
UPDATE zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @it_j.
"Using a host expression, internal table created in place
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @( VALUE #( key_field = 4 char1 = 'ooo' char2 = 'ppp' num1 = 40 num2 = 400 ) ).
"The following example does not specify two components. Initial values are used.
UPDATE zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 4 char2 = 'qqq' num1 = 44 ) ) ).
"INDICATORS addition: Changing content of specific fields without overwriting
"existing values of other fields
TYPES ind_wa TYPE zdemo_abap_tab1 WITH INDICATORS comp_ind TYPE abap_boolean.
TYPES ind_tab TYPE TABLE OF ind_wa WITH EMPTY KEY.
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 5 char1 = 'rrr' char2 = 'sss' num1 = 50 num2 = 500 )
( key_field = 6 char1 = 'ttt' char2 = 'uuu' num1 = 60 num2 = 600 ) ) ).
UPDATE zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE ind_tab( ( key_field = 5 char1 = 'vvv' char2 = 'www' num1 = 56 num2 = 567
comp_ind-char1 = abap_true comp_ind-char2 = abap_false
comp_ind-num1 = abap_true comp_ind-num2 = abap_false )
( key_field = 6 char1 = 'xxx' char2 = 'yyy' num1 = 67 num2 = 678
comp_ind-char1 = abap_false comp_ind-char2 = abap_true
comp_ind-num1 = abap_false comp_ind-num2 = abap_true ) ) )
INDICATORS SET STRUCTURE comp_ind.
SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_tab1 INTO TABLE @DATA(itab_update).
out->write( data = itab_update name = `itab_update` ).
"SET addition: Changing values of specific fields in all table rows
"Preparing a demo database table
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_tab1.
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 1 char1 = 'aaa' char2 = 'bbb' num1 = 10 num2 = 100 )
( key_field = 2 char1 = 'ccc' char2 = 'ddd' num1 = 20 num2 = 200 )
( key_field = 3 char1 = 'eee' char2 = 'fff' num1 = 30 num2 = 300 ) ) ).
"The following example transforms the character string of a
"component to upper case.
UPDATE zdemo_abap_tab1 SET char1 = upper( char1 ).
"Setting a WHERE condition
UPDATE zdemo_abap_tab1 SET char2 = concat( char2, '#' ), num1 = num1 + 1, num2 = num2 + 2 WHERE num1 > 15.
SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_tab1 INTO TABLE @DATA(itab_update_set).
out->write( data = itab_update_set name = `itab_update_set` ).
**********************************************************************
"--------------------------- MODIFY ---------------------------
"The examples include INSERT statements to prepare the database table.
"Deleting the contents of a demo database table to start with an empty database table
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_tab1.
"Inserting a single row into a database table
DATA(row_d) = VALUE zdemo_abap_tab1( key_field = 1 char1 = 'aaa' char2 = 'bbb' num1 = 10 num2 = 100 ).
MODIFY zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @row_d.
"Inserting a table row using a host expression and a row created in place
MODIFY zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @( VALUE #( key_field = 2 char1 = 'ccc' char2 = 'ddd' num1 = 20 num2 = 200 ) ).
"Inserting a table row ...
MODIFY zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @( VALUE #( key_field = 3 char1 = 'eee' char2 = 'fff' num1 = 30 num2 = 300 ) ).
"... and modifying it. No new row is inserted, the existing one is modified as the key already exists.
MODIFY zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @( VALUE #( key_field = 3 char1 = 'ggg' char2 = 'hhh' num1 = 34 num2 = 345 ) ).
"Inserting table rows from an internal table
MODIFY zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 4 char1 = 'iii' char2 = 'jjj' num1 = 40 num2 = 400 )
( key_field = 5 char1 = 'kkk' char2 = 'lll' num1 = 50 num2 = 500 ) ) ).
"Modifying/inserting from an internal table
MODIFY zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 4 char1 = 'mmm' char2 = 'nnn' num1 = 45 num2 = 456 )
( key_field = 5 char1 = 'ooo' char2 = 'ppp' num1 = 56 num2 = 567 )
( key_field = 6 char1 = 'qqq' char2 = 'rrr' num1 = 60 num2 = 600 )
( key_field = 7 char1 = 'sss' char2 = 'ttt' num1 = 70 num2 = 700 ) ) ).
SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_tab1 INTO TABLE @DATA(itab_modify).
out->write( data = itab_modify name = `itab_modify` ).
**********************************************************************
"--------------------------- DELETE ---------------------------
"Deleting the contents of a demo database table to start with an empty database table
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_tab1.
SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_tab1 INTO TABLE @DATA(itab_delete).
ASSERT itab_delete IS INITIAL.
"Inserting demo data into the database table
INSERT zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 1 num1 = 10 )
( key_field = 2 num1 = 20 )
( key_field = 3 num1 = 30 )
( key_field = 4 num1 = 40 )
( key_field = 5 num1 = 50 )
( key_field = 6 num1 = 60 )
( key_field = 7 num1 = 70 )
( key_field = 8 num1 = 80 ) ) ).
"Rows are deleted based on a condition
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_tab1 WHERE key_field >= 7.
"Deleting a single row based on entries in a structure
"Keys are specified
DELETE zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @( VALUE #( key_field = 1 ) ).
"There is no entry with key_field = 0.
DELETE zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM @( VALUE zdemo_abap_tab1( num1 = 20 ) ).
ASSERT sy-subrc = 4.
"Deleting multiple rows based on entries in an internal table
DELETE zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 2 )
( key_field = 3 ) ) ).
SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_tab1 INTO TABLE @itab_delete.
out->write( data = itab_delete name = `itab_delete` ).
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### RAP-Specific ABAP SQL Variants
There are [RAP](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenarap_glosry.htm)-specific variants of ABAP SQL statements that use the `MAPPING FROM ENTITY` addition. Find more information [here](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abapmapping_from_entity.htm) and in the [ABAP for RAP: Entity Manipulation Language (ABAP EML)](08_EML_ABAP_for_RAP.md#abap-sql-statements-with-bdef-derived-types) cheat sheet.
@@ -2098,7 +2401,7 @@ There are [RAP](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index
- ABAP SQL statements can contain [SQL path expressions](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abensql_path_expression_glosry.htm). For more information, see [here](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenabap_sql_path.htm). The executable example of the CDS view entities cheat sheet includes demo SQL statements.
- Find [here](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenabap_sql_exceptions.htm) and overview on exceptions that can occur in the context of ABAP SQL statements.
- As a rule, bear in mind performance aspects when using ABAP SQL statements. Find more information in the [Performance Notes](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenabap_sql_perfo.htm). The code snippets here only focus on syntax options.
- You can specify hierarchy data as a data source in ABAP SQL `SELECT` statements. Find more information and examples in the [ABAP Keyword Documentation](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenselect_hierarchy_data.htm).
- You can specify hierarchy data as a data source in ABAP SQL `SELECT` statements. Find more information and examples in the [ABAP Keyword Documentation](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenselect_hierarchy_data.htm). For working with hierarchies, see the [ABAP SQL: Working with Hierarchies cheat sheet](10_ABAP_SQL_Hierarchies.md).
## Executable Example
[zcl_demo_abap_sql](./src/zcl_demo_abap_sql.clas.abap)