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03_ABAP_SQL.md
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- [Using Constructor Expressions in ABAP SQL Statements](#using-constructor-expressions-in-abap-sql-statements)
- [Example: Exploring Create, Update, and Delete Operations with ABAP SQL Statements](#example-exploring-create-update-and-delete-operations-with-abap-sql-statements)
- [Dynamic ABAP SQL Statements](#dynamic-abap-sql-statements)
- [CRUD Operations Using CDS Artifacts](#crud-operations-using-cds-artifacts)
- [Excursions](#excursions)
- [Evaluating ABAP System Fields after ABAP SQL Statements](#evaluating-abap-system-fields-after-abap-sql-statements)
- [Typed Literals](#typed-literals)
@@ -68,7 +69,8 @@
the focus is on syntax options.
> **💡 Note**<br>
> The syntax options for the `SELECT` statement are extensive. Make sure that you consult the ABAP Keyword Documentation for all available options. The cheat sheet and snippets demonstrate a selection.
> - The syntax options for the `SELECT` statement are extensive. Make sure that you consult the ABAP Keyword Documentation for all available options. The cheat sheet and snippets demonstrate a selection.
> - The code examples in the cheat sheet primarily use DDIC database tables for [CRUD operations](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencrud_glosry.htm). Note that there are also CDS artifacts that allow not only reading but also creating, updating, and deleting. See [this section](#crud-operations-using-cds-artifacts).
## Excursion: Database Tables and Views
@@ -148,6 +150,7 @@ Views](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_latest_index_htm/latest/en-US/index.htm
editor).
- are, in contrast to external views, supported by all database
systems (that support the ABAP CDS characteristics).
- Note that there are also CDS artifacts that allow not only reading but also creating, updating, and deleting. See [this section](#crud-operations-using-cds-artifacts).
</details>
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
@@ -2197,7 +2200,8 @@ INTO @DATA(special_functions).
## Create, Update, and Delete Operations
> **💡 Note**<br>
> The following sections include code patterns. To explore various syntax options with an executable example, see section [Example: Exploring ABAP SQL Statements Changing Data in Database Tables](#example-exploring-abap-sql-statements-changing-data-in-database-tables) below.
> - The following sections include code patterns. To explore various syntax options with an executable example, see section [Example: Exploring ABAP SQL Statements Changing Data in Database Tables](#example-exploring-abap-sql-statements-changing-data-in-database-tables) below.
> - There are also CDS artifacts that allow not only reading but also creating, updating, and deleting. See [this section](#crud-operations-using-cds-artifacts).
### Using INSERT
@@ -2747,6 +2751,270 @@ SELECT *
INTO ...
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
## CRUD Operations Using CDS Artifacts
- The code examples above primarily use DDIC database tables for [CRUD operations](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencrud_glosry.htm).
- CDS artifacts are available that allow not only reading but also creating, updating, and deleting.
- **Table Entities**
- Table entities are CDS entities that define database tables on the SAP HANA database linked to AS ABAP.
- They are - with restructions currently - considered successors of the classic DDIC database table, and also represent global structured types usable in ABAP.
- Syntax: `define table entity ...`.
- For more information, refer to the ABAP Data Models guide, for example, [here](https://help.sap.com/docs/ABAP_Cloud/aaae421481034feab3e71dd9e0f643bf/100ab51935544f18b4f4be9b4abb91e8.html).
- **Writable CDS View Entities**
- Writable CDS view entities allow you to modify underlying database data using ABAP SQL.
- Syntax: `define writable view entity ...`.
- These entities, like many other CDS artifacts, represent global structured types usable in ABAP, but not in the ABAP Dictionary.
- Note that there are definition restrictions. For example, you cannot define writable CDS view entities if selecting from multiple data sources or using joins.
- Writable CDS external entities are available, too. They allow CRUD operations using external artifacts via service connections. Find more information [here](https://help.sap.com/docs/ABAP_Cloud/aaae421481034feab3e71dd9e0f643bf/51854921f45148f8bb4157fe8e16af48.html).
**Example**
- The following example demonstrates a table entity and a writable CDS view enitity.
- The writable CDS view entity uses the table entity as its data source. A DDIC database is also possible.
<details>
<summary>🟢 Click to expand for example code</summary>
<!-- -->
<br>
- The example uses a zoo animal context. To explore the example, create three ABAP repository objects: 2 CDS entities, 1 example class.
- For the CDS artifacts, right-click your package and choose *New -> Other ABAP Repository Objects* in ADT. Filter for *data definition*, and walk through the wizard. Use the example's artifact names (`zdemo_abap_animals_te` for the table entity, and `zdemo_abap_animals_we` for the writable CDS view entity), or use other names and adapt the code accordingly.
- After activation, choose *F9* in the class in ADT to execute it. The example is set up to display output in the console.
- The example class performs CRUD operations on both CDS artifacts. The example includes ABAP SQL `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `MODIFY`, `UPDATE`, and `DELETE` statements.
<br>
<table>
<tr>
<td> ABAP repository object </td> <td> Notes/Code </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Table entity
</td>
<td>
```abap
@ClientHandling.type: #CLIENT_INDEPENDENT
@AbapCatalog.deliveryClass: #APPLICATION_DATA
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED
@EndUserText.label: 'CDS table entity'
define table entity zdemo_abap_animals_te
{
key id : abap.int4;
animal_name : abap.char(20);
species : abap.char(20);
age : abap.int4;
country_of_origin : abap.char(20);
arrival_date : abap.datn;
is_carnivore : abap_boolean;
}
```
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Writable CDS view entity
</td>
<td>
```abap
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED
@EndUserText.label: 'Writable CDS view entity'
@Metadata.ignorePropagatedAnnotations: true
define writable view entity zdemo_abap_animals_we
as select from zdemo_abap_animals_te
{
key id,
animal_name,
species,
age,
country_of_origin,
arrival_date,
is_carnivore
}
```
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Class
</td>
<td>
```abap
CLASS zcl_demo_abap DEFINITION
PUBLIC
FINAL
CREATE PUBLIC .
PUBLIC SECTION.
INTERFACES if_oo_adt_classrun.
PROTECTED SECTION.
PRIVATE SECTION.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS zcl_demo_abap IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD if_oo_adt_classrun~main.
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Using table entities and writable CDS view entities as data types
*& in ABAP
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
DATA struc_table_entity TYPE zdemo_abap_animals_te.
TYPES struc_type_table_entity TYPE zdemo_abap_animals_te.
DATA(another_struc_table_ent) = VALUE zdemo_abap_animals_te( id = 1 animal_name = 'Zeus' ).
DATA struc_writable_ve TYPE zdemo_abap_animals_we.
TYPES struc_type_writable_ve TYPE zdemo_abap_animals_we.
DATA(another_struc_writable_ve) = VALUE zdemo_abap_animals_we( id = 2 animal_name = 'Leo' ).
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Performing CRUD operations using a table entity and ABAP SQL
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
out->write( `---- Performing CRUD operations on table entities using ABAP SQL ----` ).
out->write( |\n| ).
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_animals_te.
"DATA animals_table type table of zdemo_abap_animals_te with empty key.
INSERT zdemo_abap_animals_te FROM TABLE @( VALUE #(
( id = 1 animal_name = 'Zeus' species = 'Lion' age = 5 country_of_origin = '' arrival_date = '20220115' is_carnivore = abap_true )
( id = 2 animal_name = 'Leo' species = 'Lion' age = 7 country_of_origin = '' arrival_date = '20241205' is_carnivore = abap_true )
( id = 3 animal_name = 'Jumbo' species = 'Elephant' age = 10 country_of_origin = 'India' arrival_date = '20190526' is_carnivore = abap_false )
( id = 4 animal_name = 'Little' species = 'Elephant' age = 4 country_of_origin = 'India' arrival_date = '20240314' is_carnivore = abap_false )
( id = 5 animal_name = 'Daisy' species = 'Zebra' age = 4 country_of_origin = 'South Africa' arrival_date = '20220207' is_carnivore = abap_false )
( id = 6 animal_name = 'Buddy' species = 'Owl' age = 3 country_of_origin = 'Canada' arrival_date = '20210111' is_carnivore = abap_true )
( id = 7 animal_name = 'Sunny' species = 'Dolphin' age = 7 country_of_origin = 'Australia' arrival_date = '20190527' is_carnivore = abap_false )
( id = 8 animal_name = 'Nala' species = 'Giraffe' age = 6 country_of_origin = 'Tanzania' arrival_date = '20210807' is_carnivore = abap_false )
( id = 9 animal_name = 'Oscar' species = 'Tiger' age = 8 country_of_origin = 'Russia' arrival_date = '20191018' is_carnivore = abap_true )
( id = 10 animal_name = 'Charlie' species = 'Chimpanzee' is_carnivore = abap_false )
( id = 12 ) ) ).
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after 1st INSERT: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM zdemo_abap_animals_te INTO @DATA(number_of_entries).
out->write( |Number of data entries after 1st INSERT: { number_of_entries }| ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_animals_te FROM TABLE @( VALUE #(
( id = 1 animal_name = 'Lora' species = 'Parrot' age = 2 country_of_origin = 'Mexico' arrival_date = '20240712' is_carnivore = abap_false )
( id = 11 animal_name = 'Teddy' species = 'Koala' age = 4 country_of_origin = 'Australia' arrival_date = '20240225' is_carnivore = abap_false ) ) )
ACCEPTING DUPLICATE KEYS.
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after 2nd INSERT: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM zdemo_abap_animals_te INTO @number_of_entries.
out->write( |Number of data entries after 1st INSERT: { number_of_entries }| ).
MODIFY zdemo_abap_animals_te FROM TABLE @( VALUE #(
( id = 12 animal_name = 'Peanut' species = 'Penguin' age = 6 country_of_origin = 'Antarctica' arrival_date = '20200410' is_carnivore = abap_false )
( id = 13 animal_name = 'Lora' species = 'Parrot' age = 2 country_of_origin = 'Mexico' arrival_date = '20240712' is_carnivore = abap_false )
( id = 14 animal_name = 'Jumpy' species = 'Kangaroo' age = 4 country_of_origin = 'Australia' arrival_date = '20211117' is_carnivore = abap_false ) ) ).
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after MODIFY: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM zdemo_abap_animals_te INTO @number_of_entries.
out->write( |Number of data entries after MODIFY: { number_of_entries }| ).
SELECT SINGLE * FROM zdemo_abap_animals_te WHERE id = 10 INTO @DATA(data_set).
UPDATE zdemo_abap_animals_te FROM @( VALUE #( BASE data_set age = 3 country_of_origin = 'Uganda' arrival_date = '20231214' ) ).
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after 1st UPDATE: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
UPDATE zdemo_abap_animals_te SET country_of_origin = 'Kenya' WHERE country_of_origin IS INITIAL.
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after 2nd UPDATE: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_animals_te ORDER BY id INTO TABLE @DATA(itab_te).
out->write( `Table entries retrieved from table entity:` ).
out->write( itab_te ).
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_animals_te WHERE id > 10.
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after DELETE: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM zdemo_abap_animals_te INTO @number_of_entries.
out->write( |Number of data entries after DELETE: { number_of_entries }| ).
out->write( |\n| ).
out->write( repeat( val = '_' occ = 100 ) ).
out->write( |\n| ).
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Performing CRUD operations using a writable CDS view entities and ABAP SQL
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
out->write( `---- Performing CRUD operations on a writable CDS view entity using ABAP SQL ----` ).
out->write( |\n| ).
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM zdemo_abap_animals_we INTO @DATA(we_number_of_entries).
out->write( |Number of data entries accessed via writable CDS view entity: { we_number_of_entries }| ).
INSERT zdemo_abap_animals_we FROM TABLE @( VALUE #(
( id = 15 )
( id = 16 animal_name = 'Fuzz' species = 'Polar bear' ) ) ).
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after INSERT: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM zdemo_abap_animals_we INTO @we_number_of_entries.
out->write( |Number of data entries after INSERT: { we_number_of_entries }| ).
MODIFY zdemo_abap_animals_we FROM @(
VALUE #( id = 15 animal_name = 'Hunter' species = 'Jaguar' age = 3 country_of_origin = 'Brazil' arrival_date = '20230423' is_carnivore = abap_true ) ).
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after MODIFY: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
SELECT SINGLE * FROM zdemo_abap_animals_we WHERE id = 16 INTO @DATA(entry).
UPDATE zdemo_abap_animals_we FROM @(
VALUE #( BASE entry animal_name = 'Fuzzy' age = 7 country_of_origin = 'Canada' arrival_date = '20190223' is_carnivore = abap_true ) ).
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after UPDATE: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
DELETE zdemo_abap_animals_we FROM @( VALUE #( id = 10 ) ).
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after 1st DELETE: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM zdemo_abap_animals_we INTO @we_number_of_entries.
out->write( |Number of data entries after 1st DELETE: { we_number_of_entries }| ).
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_animals_we WHERE id <= 5.
out->write( |sy-dbcnt after 2nd DELETE: { sy-dbcnt }| ).
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM zdemo_abap_animals_we INTO @we_number_of_entries.
out->write( |Number of data entries after 2nd DELETE: { we_number_of_entries }| ).
SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_animals_we ORDER BY id INTO TABLE @DATA(itab_we).
out->write( `Table entries retrieved via writable CDS view entity:` ).
out->write( itab_we ).
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
```
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</details>
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## Excursions

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26_ABAP_Dictionary.md
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@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
- [CDS Simple Types](#cds-simple-types)
- [CDS Enumerated Types](#cds-enumerated-types)
- [CDS Entities Usable as Structured Types](#cds-entities-usable-as-structured-types)
- [CRUD Operations Using CDS Artifacts](#crud-operations-using-cds-artifacts)
- [Excursions](#excursions)
- [Built-in Database Functions](#built-in-database-functions)
- [Finding Released Repository Objects in the System](#finding-released-repository-objects-in-the-system)
@@ -673,6 +674,7 @@ DATA(members_cds_enum) = tdo_cds_enum->members.
- Several [CDS entities](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencds_entity_glosry.htm) represent structured types usable in ABAP, however, they are not usable in DDIC objects.
- These include:
- [CDS table entities](https://help.sap.com/docs/ABAP_Cloud/aaae421481034feab3e71dd9e0f643bf/100ab51935544f18b4f4be9b4abb91e8.html)
- [CDS view entities](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencds_v2_view_glosry.htm) for data modeling and selection
- [CDS table functions](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencds_table_function_glosry.htm) for data selection with AMDP
- [CDS abstract entities](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencds_abstract_entity_glosry.htm) for modeling structures, similar to DDIC structures but with advanced features for use in RAP
@@ -704,7 +706,14 @@ SELECT * FROM zdemo_abap_table_function INTO TABLE @itab_cds_tabfunc.
> **💡 Note**<br>
> - Some of the CDS entities can also be used as data sources in ABAP SQL statements, some cannot (for example, CDS custom entities).
> - [DDIC-based views](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencds_v1_view_glosry.htm) are obsolete and should not be used anymore.
> - There is more to come, such as CDS table entities, the successor of DDIC database tables. See the Devtoberfest session [Data Modeling with the latest features of ABAP Core Data Services](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8i44J4t7J0) to get a preview.
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### CRUD Operations Using CDS Artifacts
- There are CDS artifacts that allow not only reading but also creating, updating, and deleting: Table entities and writable CDS view entities.
- Find example artifacts and an example class using various ABAP SQL statements in the [ABAP SQL](03_ABAP_SQL.md#crud-operations-using-cds-artifacts) cheat sheet.
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>