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4
03_ABAP_SQL.md
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@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ Due to the rich variety of options, the cheat sheet covers a selection.
reasons: Using untyped literals means extra cost in terms of
performance since they must be converted by the compiler. Plus,
their use can result in errors at runtime whereas typed literals
guarantee type compatibility at once.
guarantee type compatibility at once. For more information on [typed literals](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abentyped_literal_glosry.htm), refer to the [ABAP Keyword Documentation](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenabap_sql_typed_literals.htm) and the [Typed Literals in ABAP SQL](/16_Data_Types_and_Objects.md#typed-literals-in-abap-sql) section of the *Data Types and Data Objects* cheat sheet.
- Regarding host expressions: Structures and internal tables are
possible as host expressions for statements modifying the
content of database tables as shown further down.
@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ SELECT id FROM @itab AS tab WHERE
"type-dependent initial values. For more information, refer to the ABAP Keyword Documentation.
"The following example uses a left outer join to intentionally create null values. For
"this purpose, two demo database tables of the cheat sheet repository are cleared and
"populated with specific values to visulaize null values.
"populated with specific values to visualize null values.
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_tab1.
DELETE FROM zdemo_abap_tab2.
MODIFY zdemo_abap_tab1 FROM TABLE @( VALUE #( ( key_field = 1 char1 = 'a' char2 = 'y' )

38
06_Dynamic_Programming.md
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@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
- [Dynamic Specifications in Statements for Processing Internal Tables](#dynamic-specifications-in-statements-for-processing-internal-tables)
- [Dynamic ABAP SQL Statements](#dynamic-abap-sql-statements)
- [Dynamic Invoke](#dynamic-invoke)
- [Dynamic Formatting Option Specifications in String Templates](#dynamic-formatting-option-specifications-in-string-templates)
- [Validating Input for Dynamic Specifications (CL\_ABAP\_DYN\_PRG)](#validating-input-for-dynamic-specifications-cl_abap_dyn_prg)
- [Runtime Type Services (RTTS)](#runtime-type-services-rtts)
- [Getting Type Information at Runtime](#getting-type-information-at-runtime)
@@ -1619,6 +1620,43 @@ CALL METHOD oref2->('TRIPLE') PARAMETER-TABLE ptab.
result = ptab[ name = 'R_TRIPLE' ]-('VALUE')->*. "9
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### Dynamic Formatting Option Specifications in String Templates
The following code snippet demonstrates a small selection of dynamic formatting option specifications in string templates.
For more details and a complete list of options, refer to the [ABAP Keyword Documentation](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/abapcompute_string_format_options.htm), especially regarding the expected and supported input (attributes of the `CL_ABAP_FORMAT` class). General information on string templates can also be found there and in the [String Processing](/07_String_Processing.md#string-templates) cheat sheet.
```abap
"ALIGN
"Only to be used with WIDTH; only the associated values of the following attributes of the
"class CL_ABAP_FORMAT can be used (they are of type i): A_LEFT (1), A_RIGHT (2), A_CENTER (3)
DATA(some_string) = `##`.
DATA(s1) = |{ some_string WIDTH = 10 ALIGN = (1) }<---|. "'## <---'
DATA(right) = 2.
DATA(s2) = |{ some_string WIDTH = 10 ALIGN = (right) }<---|. "' ##<---'
"The following example uses method chaining with methods of the class
"cl_abap_random_int to get a random integer value (in the range of 1 - 3).
"The get_next method has a returning parameter, and returns and integer value.
DO 5 TIMES.
DATA(s3) = |{ some_string WIDTH = 10 ALIGN = cl_abap_random_int=>create( seed = cl_abap_random=>seed( )
min = 1 max = 3 )->get_next( ) }<---|.
ENDDO.
"CASE
"Values to be used: CL_ABAP_FORMAT=>C_RAW (for not changing the case; 0),
"CL_ABAP_FORMAT=>C_UPPER (1), CL_ABAP_FORMAT=>C_LOWER (2)
some_string = `AbAp`.
DATA(s4) = |{ some_string CASE = (1) }|. "ABAP
DATA(s5) = |{ some_string CASE = CONV i( '2' ) }|. "abap
DATA int_tab TYPE TABLE OF i WITH EMPTY KEY.
int_tab = VALUE #( ( 0 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ).
DATA(s6) = |{ some_string CASE = int_tab[ 1 ] }|. "AbAp
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### Validating Input for Dynamic Specifications (CL_ABAP_DYN_PRG)

5
07_String_Processing.md
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@@ -260,10 +260,11 @@ within a pair of delimiters (`|...|`) if these expressions can be converted to `
- To embed expressions, you enclose them in curly brackets: `{ ... }`.
> **💡 Note**<br>
> String templates form a [string
> - String templates form a [string
expression](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenstring_expression_glosry.htm "Glossary Entry")
that is compiled at runtime. Therefore, a string template that contains only
literal text is treated as an expression, which has a performance impact. In such a case, it is preferable to use a text string literal with backquotes.
> - It is possible to dynamically specify formatting options. For more information, refer to the [Dynamic Formatting Option Specifications in String Templates](/06_Dynamic_Programming.md#dynamic-formatting-option-specifications-in-string-templates) section of the *Dynamic Programming* cheat sheet.
Syntax examples:
``` abap
@@ -893,7 +894,7 @@ Built-in functions:
DATA(str) = `Pieces of cakes.`.
DATA res TYPE i.
"find_end returns the sum of the offset of the occurrence
"find_end returns the sum of the offset of the occurrence plus the length of the match
res = find_end( val = str sub = `of` ). "9
"find_any_of returns the offset of the occurrence of any character contained in substring

4
13_Program_Flow_Logic.md
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@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ ENDIF.
- The components of such relational expressions can be [comparisons](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencomparison_glosry.htm) or [predicates](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenpredicate_glosry.htm). Note that for [comparison expressions](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencomparison_expression_glosry.htm),
the comparisons are carried out according to [comparison rules](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenlogexp_rules.htm).
The following code snippet shows a selection of possible expressions and operands of such expressions using a big `IF` statement. Certainly, such a huge statement is far from ideal. Here, the intention is to just cover many syntax options in one go for demonstration purposes.
The following code snippet shows a selection of possible expressions and operands of such expressions using a big `IF` statement. Certainly, such a huge statement is far from ideal. Here, the intention is to just cover many syntax options in one go for demonstration purposes. For more information on built-in functions, you can refer to the [Misc Built-In Functions](/24_Misc_Builtin_Functions.md) cheat sheet.
```abap
"Some declarations to be used in the IF statement below
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ AND check_is_supplied( ) IS NOT INITIAL
"expression is false, the result of boolc does not meet the condition IS INITIAL since
"a blank and no empty string is returned. If this is desired, the function xsdbool
"can be used instead of boolc.
AND boolc( check_is_supplied( ) ) = abap_true
AND boolc( check_is_supplied( ) ) = `X`
"Result has the same ABAP type as abap_bool.
AND xsdbool( check_is_supplied( ) ) = abap_true

41
16_Data_Types_and_Objects.md
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@@ -1474,33 +1474,31 @@ Typed literal:
- More information: Typed literals in [ABAP SQL](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenabap_sql_typed_literals.htm) ([cast expressions in ABAP SQL](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abensql_cast.htm)) and [ABAP CDS](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencds_typed_literal_v2.htm)
```abap
"Specifying a built-in ABAP Dictionary type instead of an
"untyped literal as in the example below to foster readibility.
SELECT SINGLE
FROM i_timezone
FROM zdemo_abap_fli
FIELDS *
WHERE TimeZoneID = char`EST`
INTO @DATA(wa_typed_literal).
WHERE fldate = dats`20240102`
INTO @DATA(wa_typed_literals).
"Cast with a typed literal to cover a specification true to the
"actually expected type. In the case of the example, the data type
"char(6) is expected.
"Specifying an untyped literal
SELECT SINGLE
FROM i_timezone
FROM zdemo_abap_fli
FIELDS *
WHERE TimeZoneID = CAST( char`EST` AS CHAR( 6 ) )
INTO @DATA(wa_typed_literal_cast).
WHERE fldate = '20240102'
INTO @DATA(wa_untyped_literals).
"Untyped literal
SELECT SINGLE
FROM i_timezone
FIELDS *
WHERE TimeZoneID = 'EST'
INTO @DATA(wa_untyped_literal).
"Various typed literals
"Miscellaneous typed literals in an ABAP SQL statement
"Note that typed literals can be specified in in read
"positions where host variables are possible.
DATA(tmstamp) = CONV timestamp( '20240808112517' ).
DATA(some_string) = `Some string`.
SELECT SINGLE
FROM i_timezone
FROM zdemo_abap_fli
FIELDS
carrid,
@some_string AS host_var,
char`X` AS flag,
int8`32984723948723` AS int8,
raw`11` AS raw,
@@ -1511,9 +1509,10 @@ SELECT SINGLE
"Multiple cast expressions splitting a time stamp into date and time parts
CAST( CAST( div( @tmstamp, 1000000 ) AS CHAR ) AS DATS ) AS date,
CAST( substring( CAST( @tmstamp AS CHAR ), 9, 6 ) AS TIMS ) AS time,
'ABAP' AS txt "Untyped literal
WHERE TimeZoneID = CAST( char`EST` AS CHAR( 6 ) )
INTO @DATA(wa_some_typed_literal).
"Untyped literal
'ABAP' AS txt
WHERE fldate = dats`20240102`
INTO @DATA(wa_misc_typed_literal).
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>

2
21_XML_JSON.md
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@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ xco_cp_json=>data->from_string( json_created_xco )->apply( VALUE #(
### Converting string <-> xstring
In the code snippets above and in the executable example, many operations are performed using binary data.
This excursion shows the conversion of string <-> xstring using a codepage. The examples use UTF-8.
For example, you can use the `cl_abap_conv_codepage` class and the [XCO library](https://help.sap.com/docs/btp/sap-business-technology-platform/xco-library?version=Cloud).
For example, you can use the `cl_abap_conv_codepage` class and the [XCO library](https://help.sap.com/docs/btp/sap-business-technology-platform/xco-library?version=Cloud). Using the `xco_cp` class of the XCO library, you can also process Base64 representations of raw binary data (see the snippet for `xco_cp` in the [String Processing](/22_Misc_ABAP_Classes.md#string-processing) section of the Misc ABAP Classes cheat sheet).
```abap
DATA(xml_string) = `<TXT>ABAP</TXT>`.

23
22_Misc_ABAP_Classes.md
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@@ -788,6 +788,29 @@ DATA(comp) = xco_cp=>string( `some_value` )->split( `_` )->compose( xco_cp_strin
"some_value
DATA(decomp) = xco_cp=>string( `someValue` )->decompose( xco_cp_string=>decomposition->camel_case )->join( `_` )->value.
"------ Processing Base64 Representations of Raw Binary Data ------
DATA(a_string) = `Hello world`.
"string -> xstring
"Result: 48656C6C6F20776F726C64
DATA(conv_xstring) = xco_cp=>string( a_string
)->as_xstring( xco_cp_character=>code_page->utf_8
)->value.
"Encoding of raw binary data into its Base64 representation
"Result: SGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=
DATA(raw2base64) = xco_cp=>xstring( conv_xstring
)->as_string( xco_cp_binary=>text_encoding->base64
)->value.
"Decoding of a Base64 representation into raw binary data
"Result: 48656C6C6F20776F726C64
DATA(base642raw) = xco_cp=>string( raw2base64
)->as_xstring( xco_cp_binary=>text_encoding->base64
)->value.
"xstring -> string
"Result: Hello world
DATA(conv_string_xco) = xco_cp=>xstring( base642raw
)->as_string( xco_cp_character=>code_page->utf_8
)->value.
"--------- Matching string against regular expression ---------
DATA match TYPE string.

53
23_Date_and_Time.md
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@@ -1155,56 +1155,7 @@ tz_str = |{ utclong_current( ) TIMEZONE = 'EST' COUNTRY = 'US ' }|. "12/30/2024
## Excursions
### Typed Literals in ABAP SQL
Typed literal:
- Literal whose data types is defined by specifying a [built-in dictionary type](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenddic_builtin_types.htm) explicitly.
- Available for most but not all ABAP Dictionary data types.
- Can be used in ABAP SQL and in ABAP CDS.
- More information: Typed literals in [ABAP SQL](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenabap_sql_typed_literals.htm) ([cast expressions in ABAP SQL](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abensql_cast.htm)) and [ABAP CDS](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abencds_typed_literal_v2.htm)
```abap
SELECT SINGLE
FROM i_timezone
FIELDS *
WHERE TimeZoneID = char`EST`
INTO @DATA(wa_typed_literal).
"Cast with a typed literal to cover a specification true to the
"actually expected type. In the case of the example, the data type
"char(6) is expected.
SELECT SINGLE
FROM i_timezone
FIELDS *
WHERE TimeZoneID = CAST( char`EST` AS CHAR( 6 ) )
INTO @DATA(wa_typed_literal_cast).
"Untyped literal
SELECT SINGLE
FROM i_timezone
FIELDS *
WHERE TimeZoneID = 'EST'
INTO @DATA(wa_untyped_literal).
"Various typed literals
DATA(tmstamp) = CONV timestamp( '20240808112517' ).
SELECT SINGLE
FROM i_timezone
FIELDS
char`X` AS flag,
int8`32984723948723` AS int8,
raw`11` AS raw,
numc`1234` AS numc,
utclong`2024-01-01T10:01:02,2` AS utc,
tims`101507` AS tims,
curr`173.95` AS curr,
"Multiple cast expressions splitting a time stamp into date and time parts
CAST( CAST( div( @tmstamp, 1000000 ) AS CHAR ) AS DATS ) AS date,
CAST( substring( CAST( @tmstamp AS CHAR ), 9, 6 ) AS TIMS ) AS time,
'ABAP' AS txt "Untyped literal
WHERE TimeZoneID = CAST( char`EST` AS CHAR( 6 ) )
INTO @DATA(wa_some_typed_literals).
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
The following code snippets use [typed literals](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abentyped_literal_glosry.htm). For more information, refer to the [ABAP Keyword Documentation](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenabap_sql_typed_literals.htm) and the [Typed Literals in ABAP SQL](/16_Data_Types_and_Objects.md#typed-literals-in-abap-sql) section of the *Data Types and Data Objects* cheat sheet.
### Date and Time Functions in ABAP SQL
@@ -1324,6 +1275,6 @@ Find examples in the ABAP Keyword Documentation and a small selection of functio
[zcl_demo_abap_date_time](./src/zcl_demo_abap_date_time.clas.abap)
> **💡 Note**<br>
> - The executable example covers the handling and processing of date, time, and time stamps. The snippets of this cheat sheets are included, as well as an excursion (*ABAP stopwatch*).
> - The executable example covers the handling and processing of date, time, and time stamps. The snippets of this cheat sheets and more are included.
> - The steps to import and run the code are outlined [here](README.md#-getting-started-with-the-examples).
> - [Disclaimer](README.md#%EF%B8%8F-disclaimer)

53
24_Misc_Builtin_Functions.md
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@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
- [Functions for Numeric Values](#functions-for-numeric-values)
- [Functions for Strings](#functions-for-strings)
- [Functions for Date, Time, and Time Stamps](#functions-for-date-time-and-time-stamps)
- [More Functions](#more-functions)
- [More (Special) Functions](#more-special-functions)
- [coalesce Function](#coalesce-function)
- [More Information](#more-information)
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ DATA(cont5) = xsdbool( contains( val = `123` start = `2` ) ).
"off/len can also be specified individually
"Not specifying off means 0 by default
"abap_false
"abap_false
DATA(cont6) = xsdbool( contains( val = `##ab## ##cd##` sub = `cd` len = 5 ) ).
"abap_true
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ ENDDO.
DATA(cont9) = xsdbool( contains( val = `Hallo world` pcre = `\s` ) ).
"-------------------- contains_any_of --------------------
"abap_true
"abap_true
DATA(cont10) = xsdbool( contains_any_of( val = `abcdefg` sub = `xyza` ) ).
"abap_false
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ DATA(cont13) = xsdbool( contains_any_of( val = hi end = abc ) ).
"abap_true
DATA(cont14) = xsdbool( contains_any_not_of( val = hi start = abc ) ).
"abap_false
"abap_false
DATA(cont15) = xsdbool( contains_any_not_of( val = hi end = abc ) ).
```
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ DATA(line_exists3) = xsdbool( line_exists( itab[ comp1 = 2 ] ) ).
"abap_true
DATA(line_exists4) = xsdbool( line_exists( str_tab[ 2 ] ) ).
"abap_false
"abap_false
DATA(line_exists5) = xsdbool( line_exists( str_tab[ table_line = `xxx` ] ) ).
```
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ DATA(ceil4) = ceil( CONV decfloat34( '-4.001' ) ).
"4
DATA(floor1) = floor( CONV decfloat34( '4.999' ) ).
"4
"4
DATA(floor2) = floor( CONV decfloat34( '4.001' ) ).
"-5
@@ -376,13 +376,13 @@ Numeric extremum functions that return the value of the largest or smallest of t
"A minimum of two, and a maximum of 9 arguments can be specified.
"Numeric data objects and numeric expressions are possible
"0.999
DATA(nmin1) = nmin( val1 = CONV decfloat34( '1.34' )
DATA(nmin) = nmin( val1 = CONV decfloat34( '1.34' )
val2 = CONV decfloat34( '56.7' )
val3 = CONV decfloat34( '890.123' )
val4 = CONV decfloat34( '0.999' ) ).
"890.123
DATA(nmax2) = nmax( val1 = CONV decfloat34( '1.34' )
DATA(nmax) = nmax( val1 = CONV decfloat34( '1.34' )
val2 = CONV decfloat34( '56.7' )
val3 = CONV decfloat34( '890.123' )
val4 = CONV decfloat34( '0.999' ) ).
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ DATA(nmax2) = nmax( val1 = CONV decfloat34( '1.34' )
<tr>
<td> <code>acos</code><br><code>asin</code><br><code>atan</code><br><code>cos</code><br><code>sin</code><br><code>tan</code><br><code>cosh</code><br><code>sinh</code><br><code>tanh</code><br><code>exp</code><br><code>log</code><br><code>log10</code><br><code>sqrt</code> </td>
<td>
Regarding the details of result and type conversion of floating point functions, refer to the ABAP Keyword Documentation. The following snippet shows a small selection.
Regarding the details of the result and type conversion of floating point functions, refer to the ABAP Keyword Documentation. The following snippet shows a small selection.
<br><br>
``` abap
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ DATA(conv_str) = cl_abap_conv_codepage=>create_in( )->convert( xstr ).
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>nmax</code><br><code>nmin</code> </td>
<td> <code>cmin</code><br><code>cmax</code> </td>
<td>
Character-like extremum value functions return a string that contains the content of the smallest or biggest of a set of character-like arguments.
<br><br>
@@ -924,13 +924,11 @@ DO.
ENDDO.
*Content of segment_tab
*Row TABLE_LINE
*===============
*1 a
*2 b
*3 c
*4 d
*5 e
*a
*b
*c
*d
*e
```
</td>
@@ -1080,7 +1078,7 @@ DATA(from_mixed2) = from_mixed( val = `AbaP` sep = `#` ).
"ABA_P
DATA(from_mixed3) = from_mixed( val = `AbaP` ).
"ABA#P (same as previous example)
"ABA#P (same as previous example)
DATA(from_mixed4) = from_mixed( val = `AbaP` sep = `#` case = 'X' ).
"aba#p
@@ -1238,7 +1236,7 @@ DATA(ts_diff2) = utclong_diff( high = ts5
## Table Functions
> **💡 Note**<br>
> See the `line_exists` functions in the [Logical Functions](#logical-functions) section.
> See the `line_exists` function in the [Logical Functions](#logical-functions) section.
<table>
<tr>
@@ -1377,6 +1375,8 @@ SELECT SINGLE
INTO @DATA(numeric_functions).
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### Functions for Strings
```abap
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ SELECT SINGLE
"Searches a PCRE pattern, returns offset of match + 1;
"many optional parameters: occurrence, case_sensitive, start, group
"2
"2
locate_regexpr_after( pcre = '.', "Any character
value = url,
occurrence = 1 ) AS locate_regexpr_after,
@@ -1455,7 +1455,7 @@ SELECT SINGLE
"Replaces a found PCRE expression;
"more parameters possible: occurrence, case_sensitive, start
"http://www#ufthansa#om
"http://www#ufthansa#om
replace_regexpr( pcre = '\..', "Period that is followed by any character
value = url,
with = '#' ) AS replace_regex,
@@ -1496,6 +1496,7 @@ SELECT SINGLE
INTO @DATA(string_functions).
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### Functions for Date, Time, and Time Stamps
@@ -1652,7 +1653,9 @@ WHERE TimeZoneID = char`EST`
INTO @DATA(time_and_date_functions).
```
### More Functions
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### More (Special) Functions
```abap
SELECT SINGLE
@@ -1662,7 +1665,7 @@ SELECT SINGLE
"length string of type string
to_clob( carrid ) AS clob,
"Byte string -> character string
"Byte string -> character string
bintohex( raw`1234` ) AS bintohex,
"Character string -> byte string
@@ -1694,6 +1697,8 @@ SELECT SINGLE
INTO @DATA(special_functions).
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
### coalesce Function
```abap
@@ -1736,6 +1741,8 @@ SELECT tab2~key_field,
*4 - #
```
<p align="right"><a href="#top">⬆️ back to top</a></p>
## More Information
- [Built-in functions in ABAP](https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/index.htm?file=abenbuilt_in_functions.htm)